Английский язык
Помогите пожалуйста!!!! Текст я перевела.Помогите сделать задание)) Translate the text and do the exercises after it. The Job of Management. What is management? Are there certain functions that all managers perform regardless of whether they’re company presidents, managers of departments, or supervisors of department sections? If we watch managers at work, we might conclude that their jobs differ so widely in content and scope that no generalization about management are possible. One reason fir this is that many managers, even top managers, do work that is not management at all. A simple example is the sales manager who actually sells and perhaps has a set of customers of his own, in addition to managing the sales force. Then there’s the “working foreman” or lead man who works right along with the group he’s supervising. In these cases the managers are actually spending only part of their time on management itself. A second reason why it may be difficult to identify the functions common to all managers is that the scope of their activities differs widely. Yet, it we look closely at managers at work, we can see that fundamentally they are all performing – or should be performing – the same functions during the time they are actually managing rather that doing the work similar to that done by those under them. These functions are planning, organizing, directing, controlling, staffing, leading, representing and decision making. None of the management functions can be performed without communication. There were good managers, of course, long before anyone ever studied management. The field of management has drawn on sociology, psychology, economics and other disciplines, and it is in there areas that the manager can learn from study as well as from experience and by trial and error. He still needs plenty of intelligence, common sense, and business judgment – and even the inspired hunch may still take place. But the knowledge of what others have learned about the various aspects of management will help him use his native abilities more effectively. Future managers will need more education than those of the past. A knowledge of the humanities will be needed for a balanced viewpoint. Scientific knowledge will be required to distinguish between good and bad expert advice, foe the area of management is replete with disagreements between experts. a) find in the text the English equivalents for these words and word combinations: управление, выполнять функции, президент компании, отдел, руководитель, эксперт, ум, планирование, сфера управления, здравый смысл, социология, психология, научные знания/охват, принятие решений. b) Answer the questions. 1 Why is it so difficult to define the functions managers perform? 2 What functions do managers carry out apart from management? 3 What are purely management functions? 4 What sciences is management connected with? 5 How can scientific knowledge help managers in their work?
Ответить на вопросы к тексту: 1. How is the term automation defined in the text? 2. What is the most “familiar example” of automation given in the text? 3. What was the first step in the development of automation? 4. What were the first robots originally designed for? 5. What was the first industry to adopt the new integrated system of production? 6. What is feedback principle? 7. What do the abbreviations CAM and CAD stand for? 8. What is FMS? 9. What industries use automation technologies? Text “Automation” Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products. The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people. Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency. In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation. The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device. Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations. Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part. Another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory. Automation has also had an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing. Small computers are used in systems called mod processors, which are rapidly becoming a standard part of the modern office. They are used to edit texts, to type letters and so on. Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done automatically. Railways are also controlled by automatic signaling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a particular point. Not all industries require the same degree of automation. Sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate, though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods. The automation technology in manufacturing and assembly is widely used in car and other consumer product industries. Nevertheless, each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs.
ПОМОГИИИИТЕ ПОЖААААЛУЙСТА!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in the present simple (I work), present continuous (Im working), past simple (I worked), present perfect (Ive worked), going to (Im going to work), Ill or I might (Ill work/I might work) Jim Noakes works for London Radio. Today he is talking to Marie Scott on his programme, Exciting Lives. Jim: Hello everyone. Today I (1) _______________________ (speak) to Marie Scott. Marie is a writer and reporter for the Reuters News Service. Marie, when (2) _______________________ (you/start) working for Reuters? Marie: Five years ago. Jim: And before that you (3) _______________________ (be) an actress, I believe. Marie: Yes, thats right. When I was seventeen I (4) _______________________ (leave) home to become an actress. I (5) _______________________ (work) as an actress for three years but I (6) _______________________ (not/get) much work and so I (7) _______________________ (begin) writing for Reuters. Jim: And (8) _______________________ (you/meet) many famous people in your job? Marie: Well, I (9) _______________________ (travel) all over the world and I (10) _______________________ (speak) to many famous actors, scientists and politicians. Jim: And what (11) _______________________ (you/do) at the moment? Marie: At the moment I (12) _______________________ (talk) to you! No, actually Im on holiday, so I havent got any work. Jim: Describe your typical day. Marie: Well, I (13) _______________________ (not/often have) a typical day! But when Im in London I usually (14) _______________________ (get up) early, at about five oclock and read all my emails. Then, at the Reuters office I (15) _______________________ (work) from seven in the morning until eight in the evening. Its a long day! Jim: And what about the future? Marie: I dont know. In the summer I (16) _______________________ (go) to India for the Bollywood film festival or I (17) _______________________ (be) in the USA for the presidential elections. Jim: Well, Im sure you (18) _______________________ (have) a very interesting time! 18 2 GRAMMAR Choose the correct answer. e.g. __a___ flying? a) Do you like b) Would you like c) Do you want 1 _____ is the station from here? a) How fast b) How far c) How long 2 Do you like _____ music? a) classical b) the classical c) a classical 3 What _____ do? a) you are going to b) are you going c) are you going to 4 Children _____ pay. a) dont have to b) doesnt have to c) dont have 5 Hes going to Spain _____ Spanish. a) for study b) studying c) to study 6 _____ in that Italian restaurant is delicious. a) Food b) The food c) A food 7 _____ see a film? a) Lets b) Why we dont c) Shall we Write the opposites: e.g. a big car a small car 1 an interesting lesson ____________________________________ 2 the most expensive ____________________________________ 3 a better plan ____________________________________ 4 cool weather ____________________________________ 5 a happy film ____________________________________
